Future research with a larger sample size is recommended to determine longer-term effects on motor function and activities of daily living.Īcute thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI) is common in dogs frequently secondary to intervertebral disc herniation. Pairing tvDCS with rTMS during RAR can improve lower extremity motor function more than RAR alone can do. Conversely, RAR − NIBS outperformed RAR + NIBS regarding the MAS and VAS. No significant differences were appreciable concerning the 6MWT and TUG. The same occurred for the FIM-L, LEMS, and WISCI II.

The 10MWT improved in both groups, but the increase was significantly greater following RAR + NIBS than RAR − NIBS. All patients completed the trial, and none reported any side effects either during or following the training. The data of these subjects were compared with those of 20 individuals matched for clinical and demographic features who previously received the same amount or RAR without NIBS (RAR − NIBS).

Outcome measures included the 6 min walk test (6MWT), the 10 m walk test (10MWT), the timed up and go (TUG) to test mobility and balance, the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI II), the Functional Independence Measure-Locomotion (FIM-L), the manual muscle testing for lower extremity motor score (LEMS), the modified Ashworth scale for lower limbs (MAS), and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Fifteen adults with iSCI received one daily session of RAR+NIBS in the early afternoon, six sessions weekly, for eight consecutive weeks. We sought to determine whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with active transvertebral direct current stimulation (tvDCS) (namely, NIBS) in association with RAR (RAR + NIBS) improves lower extremity motor function more than RAR alone in subjects with motor incomplete SCI (iSCI). Robot-assisted rehabilitation (RAR) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are interventions that, both individually and combined, can significantly enhance motor performance after spinal cord injury (SCI).

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